The Nightmare, 1781

  • Henry Fuseli, Swiss, 1741-1825

Oil on canvas

  • Unframed: 40 1/16 × 50 1/16 × 13/16 inches (101.7 × 127.1 × 2.1 cm)
  • 47 5/8 × 58 × 3 1/2 inches (121 × 147.3 × 8.9 cm)

Founders Society Purchase with funds from Mr. and Mrs. Bert L. Smokler and Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence A. Fleischman

55.5.A

On View

  • Era of Revolution, Level 3, South

Department

European Painting

Being in the grips of a nightmare is a common occurrence that we can all relate to, but we may never experience one exactly as a particular artist depicts it. Here Fuseli conjures up a terrifying image filled with mystery and panic, yet with a vague and disturbing familiarity. It suggests the way the woman feels in the grip of a demonic nightmare, not what she sees. The Nightmare was reproduced as an engraving; a copy hung in Sigmund Freud's apartment in Vienna in the 1920s.

until ca. 1846, Collection Sir Brooke Boothby (1744-1824) (Ashbourne Hall, Derbyshire, England). by 1879, Collection H. Haskett Smith Troweswell, Goudhurst,England)

May 9 1896, auction, lot 78, Viscount Eversley and other collections, Christie's (London, England). collection Earl of Harrowby (Stafford, England). by November 1947, (Roland, Browse and Delbanco, London, England)

1950-1955, (Durlacher Brothers, New York, New York, USA)

1955-present, purchase by the Detroit Institute of Arts (Detroit, Michigan, USA)

Royal Academy (exhibition). London, 1782, no. 64. Darwin, Erasmus. The Botanic Garden, vol. 2. London, 1789, Canto III, II, pp. 51–56. [see 1796 edition, p. 79, 1807 edition pp. 71-72] Cunningham, Allan. The Lives of the Most Eminent British Painters, Sculptors, and Architects, 2nd ed., vol. 2. London, 1803, pp. 289-290. Winter Exhibition, Tenth Year: Exhibition of Works by the Old Masters and by Deceased Masters of the British School. Exh. cat., Royal Academy. London, 1879, p. 8, no. 15. Catalogue of the Valuable Collection of Ancient and Modern Pictures of the Right Hon. Viscount Eversley, Deceased; also the Celebrated Haskett Smith Collection of the Works of George Morland; also the Thomson Bonar Collection of Family Portraits, Formerly at Camden House, Chislehurst; and other Fine Works by F. Guardi and of the Early English School. Sales cat., Christie, Manson & Woods, London, May, 9, 1896, p. 16, no. 78. Gurlitt, Cornelius. Die Deutsche Kunst des Neunzehnten Jahrhunderts, vol. 2. Berlin, 1907, p. 48 (ill.). Michel, Wilhelm. Das Teuflische und Groteske in der Kunst. Munich, 1911, p. 42, no. 24 (ill.). Gurlitt, Cornelius. Die Deutsche Kunst Seit 1800: Ihre Ziele und Taten. Berlin, 1924, pp. 32, 39 (ill.). Federmann, Arnold. Johann Heinrich Füssli: Dichter und Maler, 1741–1825. Leipzig, 1927, p. 47, 169. Paintings and Drawings by Henry Fuseli. Exh. cat., Roland, Browse and Delbanco. London, 1948, p. 6, no. 25, pl. 17 (ill.). Aspects of British Romanticism. Exh. cat., Roland, Browse and Delbanco. London, 1949, p. 4, no. 9. Perspex. "Current Shows and Comments: On Knowing How Far Too Far To Go." Apollo 51, no. 301 (March 1950): 61–63, pp. 61–62 (ill.). Breuning, Margaret. "England's Romantics." Art Digest 27, no. 9 (February 1, 1953): p. 15 (ill.). Praz, Mario. "Painter Ordinary to the Devil." Art News 51, no. 9 (January 1953): 32–35, 61–62, p. 32, p. 62 (ill.). Romanticism in Eighteenth Century England: A Loan Exhibition. Exh. cat., Durlacher Brothers. New York, 1953, unpaginated, no. 8. Richardson, Edgar P. "The Nightmare, by Henry Fuseli." Bulletin of the Detroit Institute of Arts 34, no. 1 (1954–55): pp 2–3 (ill.). Comstock, Helen. "Fuseli's Nightmare." Connoisseur 136, no. 549 (December 1955): p. 229. The Century of Mozart. Exh. cat., The Nelson Gallery. Kansas City, 1956, pp. 14, 27, 65, no. 36 (ill.). Homage to Mozart. Exh. cat., Wadsworth Atheneum. Connecticut, 1956, no. 17 (ill.). Guthke, Karl S. “Johann Heinrich F ü ssli und Shakespeare.” Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 58, no. 4 (1957): 206-215, p. 207. Canady, John. Mainstreams of Modern Art. New York, 1959, pp. 253–254, fig. 296 (ill.). Myers, Bernard Samuel. Encyclopedia of World Art vol. 4. New York, 1959, p. 331. Romantic Painting. Exh. cat., Columbus Gallery of Fine Arts. Columbus, 1963, no. 15. [unpaginated] Janson, H.W. "Fuseli's Nightmare." Arts and Sciences 2, no. 1 (Spring 1963): pp. 22-28. Starobinski, Jean and Bernard C. Swift. The Invention of Liberty, 1700-1789. Geneva, 1964, (ill.). The Romantic Era. Exh. cat., John Herron Art Institute. Indianapolis, 1965, no. 22 (ill.). Antin, David. "Fuseli, Blake Palmer." The Grand Eccentrics: Five Centuries of Artists Outside the Main Currents of Art History. New York, 1966, pp. 111, 123 (ill.). Selections from the Permanent Collection. Vassar College Art Gallery. Poughkkeepsie, NY, 1967, p 24, 25, 129 (ill.). Rosenblum, Robert. Transformations in Late Eighteenth Century Art. Princeton, 1967, p. 176. Broughton, Roger J. “Sleep Disorders: Disorders of Arousal?” Science 159, no. 3819 (March 8, 1968): 1070–1078, p. 1072, fig. 1 (ill.). Cummings, Frederick, Allen Staley and Robert Rosenblum. Romantic Art in Britain: Paintings and Drawings 1760-1860. Exh. cat., Detroit Institute of Arts. Detroit, 1968, no. 68, pp. 124–125, no. 68 (ill.). Rosenblum, Robert. “A Century of British Romantic Painting.” Art in America 56, no. 1 (January–February 1968): pp. 84–85 (ill.). Mind Alive 1, no. 11 (1968): p. 292 (ill.). Time Magazine 91 (1968) p. 52. [incomplete citation] Canaday, John. The Lives of the Painters, vol, 2. London, 1969, p. 673. Charatan, Fred B. et al. "Fuseli's Nightmare." Journal of the American Medical Association 209, no. 9 (September 1, 1969): p. 1368. Schneck, Jerome M. "Henry Fuseli, Nightmare, and Sleep Paralysis." Journal of the American Medical Association 207, no. 4 (January 27, 1969): pp. 725–726, front cover (ill.). Hirsh, Diana. The World of Turner 1775–1851. New York, 1969, pp. 30–31 (ill.). Marek, George Richard. Beethoven: biography of a genius. New York: 1969, p. 140. Johann Heinrich Fuseli: 1741-1825. Exh. cat., Kunsthaus. Zurich, 1969, p. 25, cat. 25, fig. 12, (ill.). Kalman, H. "Fuseli, Pope and the Nightmare." Pantheon 29, 3 (May-June 1971): pp. 226-236, fig. 6 (ill.). Horizon 14 (Summer 1972): pp. 88-89 (ill.). Mayoux, Jean Jacques. La Peintur Anglaise: de Hogarth aux préraphaélites. Geneva, 1972, p. 176-177, 268, 276 (ill.). Mcfarland, P. Moments in Literature. Boston, 1972, p. 34, fig. 40 (ill. unpaginated). Tomory, Peter. The Life and Art of Henry Fuseli. London, 1972, pp. 31, 33, 91–93. Allentuck, M. "Henry Fuseli's 'Nightmare': Eroticism or Pornography?" Woman as Sex Object: Studies in Erotic Art, 1730-1970. New York, 1972, pp. 33-41. Powell, Nicolas. Fuseli: The Nightmare. New York, 1973, pp. 5, 61, 74, 76, (col. Pl, details, and recto and verso ill.). Schiff, Gert. Johann Heinrich Füssli: 1741–1825, 2 vols. Zurich, 1973, vol. 1: pp. 119, 124, 134, 145, 153, 157, 168, 228, 336, 373, 375, 496, no. 757; vol. 2: p. 196, no. 757 (ill.). “Ausstellung J. H. Füssli Eröffnet.” Die Welt, December 3, 1974. [unknown page number] Henry Fuseli 1741-1825. Tate Gallery. London, 1975, no. 159, pp. 122-123 (ill.). Spencer, H. The Image Maker. New York, 1975, p. 595 (fig. 454). Johann Heinrich Fuseli. Petit Palais. Paris, 1975, no. 162 (col. cover ill. and recto and verso ill.). Powell, Nicolas. “Fuseli at Hamburg, the Tate and Paris.” The Burlington Magazine 117, no. 863 (February 1975): 123-124, p. 124. Davidson, Marshall B. The Horizon History of the World in 1776. New York, 1975, p. 296 (ill.). Mayoux, J. English Painting from Hogarth to the Pre-Raphaelites. Geneva, 1975, p. 176 (ill.) The Connoisseur 188, no. 757-758 (1975): p. 322. Symmons, Sarah. “The Spirit of Despair: Patronage, Primitivism and the Art of John Flaxman.” The Burlington Magazine 117, no. 871 (October 1975): 644-651, p. 649, fig. 27 (ill.). Moffitt, John F. “Review, Fuseli: The Nightmare by Nicolas Powell.” The Burlington Magazine 118, no. 880 (July 1976): pp. 526-527. Hollander, Anne. “Fashion in Nudity.” The Georgia Review 30, no. 3 (Fall 1976): 642-702, p. 667. “Detroit Institute of Arts Acquisitions.” Archives of American Art Journal 17, no. 3 (1977): 4-9, p. 8, fig. 16 (ill.). Kiessling, Nicolas. The Incubus in English Literature. Washington, 1977 (frontispiece). Schiff, Gert and Paola Viotto. L'Opera completa di Johann Heinrich Füssli. Milan, 1977, pp. 5–6, 10–13, 94, no. 88a, pl. 17 (ill.). Schiff, Gert. Images of Horror and Fantasy. Exh. cat., The Bronx Museum of the Arts. Bronx, 1977, unpaginated. Einem, Herbert von. Deutsche Malerei des Klassizismus und der Romantik 1770 bis 1840. Munich, 1978, pp. 39, 219, cat. 27. [the image is of the Frankfurt version- incorrectly captioned as the DIA version] Lawrence, Michael G. Surrealism in Perspective. Exh. cat., Cleveland Museum of Art. Cleveland, 1979, pp. 13-15, fig. 10 (ill.). [cat. entry by Lawrence, M.G.] Cummings, Frederick J., ed. Selected Works from the Detroit Institute of Arts. Detroit, 1979, p. 84, no. 54 (ill.). Licht, Fred. Goya, the origins of the modern temper in art. New York, 1979, pp. 184-185, 187, fig. 89 (ill.). de Lima Greene, Alison. Romanticism and Neoclassicism. New York, 1980, pp. 7-8 (ill.). Weinglass, D.H. "Review: Johann Heinrich Fussli: 1741–1825 (Schweizerisches Institut für Kunstwissenschaft, Zurich; Oeuvrekataloge Schweizer Künstler) by Gert Schiff." Art Bulletin 62, no. 4 (December 1980): 665–669, p. 668. Hill, Nancy K. A Reformer’s Art: Dickens’ Picturesque and Grotesque Imagery. Athens, 1981, pp. 103-104 (ill.). Pope-Hennessy, John, Katherine Baetjer, Charles S. Moffett, Walter A. Liedtke and Lucy Oakley. “European Paintings.” Notable Acquisitions (Metropolitan Museum of Art) no. 1980/1981 (1980-1981): 43-47, p. 46. Gleitman, Henry. Psychology. New York, 1981, p. 482. Sekai No Bijutsu. Higusho/Genso 9, Tokyo, 1982, p. 74 (ill.). Hufford, D.J. The Terror that Comes in the Night. Philadelphia, 1982, pp. 143, 145, 147, 164-65, 229, 249 (ill.). [reproduced on dustjacket] Feingold, Lawrence. "Fuseli, Another Nightmare: 'The Night-Hag Visiting Lapland Witches.'" Metropolitan Museum Journal 17 (1982): 49–61, pp. 54–56, 58–60 (ill.). Cutter, F. Art and the Wish to Die. Chicago, 1983, p. 44 (ill.). Henry Fuseli. Exh. cat. The National Museum of Western Art, Tokyo. Tokyo, 1983, cat. 9 (ill.). Balthus. Centre Georges Pompidou. Paris, 1983-1984, p. 119, (fig. 117). ["The Nightmare" as compared to Balthus painting, cat. 32, cat. entry by Sabine Rewald] Fingesten, Peter. "Delimitating the Concept of the Grotesque." Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 42, no. 4 (Summer 1984): 419–426, pp. 422–423 (ill.). Henshaw, Julia P., ed. 100 Masterworks from the Detroit Institute of Arts. New York, 1985, pp. 116–117 (ill.). Gantner, Joseph. “Formen der Angst im Bild.” Sandoz Bulletin 21, no. 73 (1985): 20-30, p. 24 (ill.). Lubin, David M. The Act of Portrayal: Eakins, Sergent, James. New Haven, 1985, pp. 64, 66, fig. 13 (ill.). Turner, Jean. “Fuseli and Lavater: The Personification of Character.” Athanor 4 (1985): 33-41, pp. 35, 41, fig. 8 (ill.). Paley, Morton D. The Apocalyptic Sublime. New Haven, 1986, pp. ix, 6-7, 44, fig. 4 (ill.). Yoshikawa, I., et al. The Louvre and Art in Paris, Vol. 1. Tokyo, 1986, no. 463. Chappell, Miles L. "Fuseli and the ‘Judicious Adoption’ of the Antique in the 'Nightmare.'" Burlington Magazine 128, no. 999 (June 1986): pp. 420–422, fig. 37 (ill.). Gmelin, Hans Georg. Die hannoverschen Hofmaler Ziesenis und Ramberg und ihre künstlerischen Beziehungen zu Grossbritannien. In England und Hannover, Birke, A. M., and K. Kluxen, eds. Hannover, 1986, p. 188. Russo, Kathleen. “Henry Fuseli and Erotic Art of the Eighteenth Century.” In Eros in the Mind's Eye, ed. Donald Palumbo. Westport, 1986, pp. 38–48, pl. 15 (ill.). King-Hele, Desmond. Erasmus Darwin and the Romantic Poets. Macmillon Press 1986, pp. 40, 132, fig. 11 (ill.). White, Caroline, Jerome Hausman, Jean Morman Unsworth, Penny Nichols-Dietrich and Helen Shannon. “Instructional Resources: Memories, Dreams, and Fantasies.” Art Education 39, no. 4 (July 1986): 25-32, pp. 29, (ill.) “Bibliography A Checklist of Scholarship on Southern Literature for 1986.” The Mississippi Quarterly 40, no. 2 (Spring 1987): 124-277, p. 142, no. 112. Kerman, Joseph. Listen: Brief Edition. New York, 1987, p. 235 (ill.). Boime, Albert. Art in an Age of Revolution: 1750-1800, A Social History of Modern Art, Vol. I. Chicago, 1987, pp. 278-281, 284-290, 293, 295, 450 (ill.). Eitner, Lorenz. An Outline of 19th Century European Painting: From David Through Cézanne. New York, 1987, 2 vols., vol. 1, p. 82, vol. 2, p. 41 (pl. 72). [Revised edition of 2002] Prown, Jules D. “Winslow Homer in His Art.” Smithsonian Studies in American Art 1, no. 1 (Spring 1987): 30-45, pp. 39, 40, fig. 9 (ill.). Knudsen, Vibeke. Johann Heinrich Fuessli Tegninger. Exh. cat., Statens Museum for Kunst. Copenhagen, 1988, p. 13, fig. 2 (ill.). Jost, Hans Ulrich, Brandon Brame Fortune and William Hauptman. From Liotard to Le Corbusier, 200 Years of Swiss Painting, 1730-1930. Bern, 1988, p. 68 (ill.). [citation under cat. 11] Stock, Robert D. The Flutes of Dionysus: Daemonic Enthrallment in Literature. Lincoln, 1989, p. 245, fig. 31 (ill.). Bewell, Alan. Wordsworth and the Enlightenment: Nature, Man, and Society in the Experimental Poetry. New Haven, 1989, p. 159. Bhattacharya-Stettler, Therese. Nox Mentis: Die Darstellung von Wahnsinn in der Kunst des 19. Jahrhunderts. Bern, 1989, p. 164, pl. 147 (ill.). Masterpieces from The Detroit Institute of Arts. Bunkamara Museum of Art. Tokyo, 1989, pp. 78, 215, cat. 46 (ill.). Wedding, Danny. Behavior and Medicine. 1990, pp. 429-430 (ill.). Fleming, William. Concerts of the Arts: Their Interplay and Modes of Relationship. Pensacola, 1990, pp. 198-199, fig. 90 (ill.). Gale, Iain. Waugh’s World: A Guide to the Novels of Evelyn Waugh. London, 1990, p. 126. Blandy, Doug and Kristin G. Congdon. “Pornography in the Classroom: Another Challenge for the Art Educator.” Studies in Art Education 32, no. 1 (Autumn 1990): 6-16, pp. 8, 16. Moffitt, John F. "Malleus Maleficarum: A Literary Context for Fuseli's Nightmare." Gazette Des Beaux-Arts 115, 6 (May–June 1990): pp. 241–248, fig. 1 (ill.). Bohrer, Frederick. “Public Virtue and Private Terror: A Two-Sided Oil Sketch by Henry Fuseli.” Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte 53, no. 1 (1990): 89-106, p. 89, 103. Visionäre Schweiz. Kunsthaus. Zurich, 1991-1992, pp. 33-36 (ill.). [exhibition organized by Zurich Kunsthaus] Brenson, Michael. " Henry Fuseli's Drawings of Life's Lusts and Compulsions." The Living Arts, The New York Times Friday, Jan 4, 1991 p. C20 L. Blake: An Illustrated Quarterly, 25 (Summer 1991): p. 38. Christopher, James and George Wittet. Modern Western Civilization. Toronto, 1991, p. 147 (ill.). Colbert, Charles. “Dreaming Up: ‘The Architect’s Dream’.” American Art 6, no. 3 (Summer 1992): 78-91, 88-89, fig. 9 (ill.). Wolstenholme, Susan. Gothic (Re)Visions: Writing Women as Readers. Albany, 1993, pp. xv, 39-42, 46, fig. 2 (ill.). Gandelman, Claude. “The Artist as ‘Traumarbeiter’: On Sketches of Dreams by Marcel Proust. Yale French Studies, no. 84 (1994): 118-135, p. 120. The Romantic Spirit in German Art 1790-1990. Haus der Kunst. Munich, 1994, pp. 238, 470, cat. 46 (ill.). Hofmann, Werner. transl. M. Couffon. Une époque en rupture 1750-1830. Paris, 1995, p. 184 (fig. 151). Sotheby's Art at Auction: The Art Market Review 1994-95. London, 1995, pp. 56-57 (ill.). Deutsch, Phyllis. “Moral Trespass in Georgian London: Gaming, Gender, and Electoral Politics in the Age of George III.” The Historical Journal 39, no. 3 (September 1996): 637-656, pp. 653-654, fig. 5 (ill.). Wolff, Martha ed. French and British Paintings from 1600 to 1800 in The Art Institute of Chicago. Chicago, 1996, p. 216. Becker, Christoph and Claudia Hattendorff. Johann Heinrich Füssli: Das Verlorene Paradies. Exh. cat., Staatsgalerie Stuttgart. Stuttgart, 1997, pp. 132–137, cat. 166 (ill.). Arasse, Daniel. “The Artist.” In Enlightenment Portraits, Michel Vovelle and Lydia G. Cochrane eds., Chicago, 1997, pp. 226-227. Heraeus, Stefanie and Deborah Laurie Cohen. “Artists and the Dream in Ninteenth-Century Paris: Towards a Prehistory of Surrealism.” History Workshop Journal, no. 48 (Autumn 1999): 151-168, pp. 152, 165 note 4. Brenneman, David A. “Self-Promotion and the Sublime: Fuseli’s Dido on the Funeral Pyre.” Huntington Library Quarterly 62, no. ½ (1999): 68-87, p. 86. Wolf, Norbert. Painting of the Romantic Era. Köln 1999, p. 142. Gavrilovich, Peter and Bill McGraw. The Detroit Almanac: 300 Years of Life in the Motor City. Detroit, 2000, p. 426 (ill.). Ellis, Markman. The History of Gothic Fiction. Edinburgh, 2000, pp. 5-8, 15. Ward, Maryanne C. “A Painting of the Unspeakable: Henry Fuseli’s ‘The Nightmare’ and the Creation of Mary Shelley’s ‘Frankenstein’.” The Journal of the Midwest Modern Language Association 33, no. 1 (Winter 2000): 20-31, pp. 20-24, 27, 29-30. Myrone, Martin. "The Sublime as Spectacle: The Transformation of Ideal Art at Somerset House." In Art on the Line: the Royal Academy Exhibitions at Somerset House 1780-1836, ed. David H. Solkin. New Haven, 2001, pp. 8, 83, 88, fig. 53 (ill.). Andres, Sophia. “Narrative Challenges to Visual, Gendered Boundaries.” Journal of Narrative Theory 31, no. 3 (Fall 2001): 257-282, pp. 259-260, 262, 269, fig. 1 (ill.). Myrone, Martin. Henry Fuseli. London, 2001, p. 7. Furman-Adams, Wendy and Virginia James Tufte. “Anticipating Empson: Henry Fuseli’s Re-Vision of Milton’s God.” Milton Quarterly 35, no. 4 (December 2001): 258-274, p. 273, note 10. Warner, Malcolm and Robyn Asleson. Great British Paintings from American Collections: Holbein to Hockney. New Haven, 2001, pp. 131–133, cat. 34 (ill.). Packer, Sharon. Dreams in Myth, Medicine, and Movies. Westport, 2002, p. 144. Stewart, Charles. “Erotic Dreams and Nightmares from Antiquity to the Present.” The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 8, no. 2 (June 2002): 279-309, p. 282-283, 301, 304-305, fig. 1 (ill.). Moffitt, John. “A Pictorial Counterpart to ‘Gothick’ Literature: Fuseli’s The Nightmare.” Mosaic: An Interdisciplinary Critical Journal 35, no. 1 (March 2002): pp. 173-196 (ill.). Chu, Petra ten'Dousschate. Nineteenth-Century European Art. New York, 2003, p. 79 (fig. 3-7). Zonneveld, Sjaak. Sir Brooke Boothby: Rousseau’s Roving Baronet Friend. The Hague, 2003, p. 176. Hargrove, June. “Gustave-Joseph Chéret’s ‘Day’.” Cleveland Studies in the History of Art 8 (2003): 214-221, pp. 220-221. Rogelio Buendía, José and Julián. Arte europeo y norteamericano del siglo XIX. Madrid, 2003, p. 413. Eco, Umberto., ed., transl. by A. McEwen. History of Beauty. New York, 2004, p. 289 (ill.). [based on Italian CD-Rom "Bellezza. Storia di un'idea dell'Occidente" by Motta On Line, 2002; also printed in Italian Storia della Bellezza, Turin, 2002, p. 289] Harris, James C. "The Nightmare." Archives of General Psychiatry 61, no. 5 (May 2004): 429, 439–440 (ill.). [cover illustration] Murray, Christopher John. Encyclopedia of the Romantic Era, 1760-1850. New York, 2004, pp. 810-811. Sweet, Mathew. “We’ve created a monster.” The Independent (September 4, 2004): https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/weve-created-a-monster-32126.html. Accessed on: November 21, 2019. Be, V. "Füssli, Suisse et sauvage." Connaissance des arts 632 (Nov. 2005): p. 46. Myrone, Martin. Bodybuilding: Reforming Masculinities in British Art 1750–1810. New Haven, 2005, pp. 128–130 (ill.). Brooks, Xan. “Sex and the Superntural.” The Guardian, October 31, 2005, p. 11 (ill.). Bower, Bruce. “Night of the Crusher: The Waking Nightmare of Sleep Paralysis Propels People into a Spirit World.” Science News 168, no. 2 (July 9 2005): 27-29, pp. 18, 27-29, (ill.). [cover features a detail of the painting] Jury, Louise. “Tate Unveils Satan as you’ve never seen him.” The Independent (October 31, 2005): https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/tate-unveils-satan-as-youve-never-seen-him-323523.html. Accessed on: November 20, 2019. Bryant, Julius. Thomas Banks, 1735-1805: Britain’s first modern sculptor. London, 2005, p. 29, note 4. Giorgi, R. S. Zuffi, ed., trans. from Italian by R. M. Giammanco Frongia Angels and Demons in Art, series "A Guide to Imagery." Los Angeles, 2005, p. 110 (ill.). Lentzsch, Franziska, Christoph Becker, Christina Klemm and Bernhard von Waldkirch. Füssli, The Wild Swiss. Exh. cat., Kunsthaus. Zurich, 2005-06, pp. 44, 58, 138-139, 142, 189-90, 193, 199-201, 233 (ill.). [exh. repackaged for London, Tate Britain, "Gothic Nightmares: Fuseli, Blake and the Romantic Imagination." 2006] Pepper, T. "The Lure of the Gothic." Newsweek (Feb. 20, 2006): pp. 56-57 (ill.). Januszczak, Waldemar. “The horror, the horror.” February 19, 2006, 8-9 (ill.). [periodical unknown] Jury, Louise. “Tate Remembers Father of the ‘Gothic Nightmare.’” The Independent (February 14, 2006): https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/tate-remembers-father-of-the-gothic-nightmare-6109120.html. Accessed on: November 20, 2019. Van Hove, Jan. “Tentoonstelling ‘Gothic nightmare’ in London: De griezels van gisteren.” De Standaard, March 8, 2006, p. F6 (ill.). Cumming, Laura. “Something of the Night.” The Observer, February 19, 2006 (ill.). [unknown page] Lubbock, Tom. “Fuseli, Henry: The Nightmare (1781).” The Independent (April 7, 2006): https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/great-works/fuseli-henry-the-nightmare-1781-797997.html. Accessed on: November 20, 2019. Sewell, Brian. “The Dreamy Stuff of Nightmares Effect in an Exhibition at Tate Britain of Pornography’s Final Fling as Art.” The Evening Standard, February 17, 2006, 36-37 (ill.). Sutcliffe, Thomas. “Thomas Sutcliffe: These pictures can’t scare me.” The Independent, February 24, 2006 (ill.). Riding, Alan. “To Sleep, Perchance to Have a Gothic Nightmare.” International Herald Tribune, March 3, 2006, 24 (ill.). Güner, Fisun. “The Rebirth of Ghoul” Time Out London, March 1-8, 2006, 29 (ill.). Campbell-Johnston, Rachel. “Midnight’s Children; Ghouls, hags, hobgoblins…the new Tate show is the stuff of nightmares. Prepare for a thrill.” The Times, February 15, 2006. [unknown page] Antonelli, Valentina. “Tra Streghe e Lanterne Magiche.” Secolo d’Italia, April 18, 2006. [unknown page] Whitford, Frank. “Exhibition Diary: Gothic Nightmares.” The World of Interiors, March 2006, 195. Campbell-Johnston, Rachel. “Take a Winter Break in Lands of Magic and Moonlight, Goblins and Ghouls.” The Times, February 16, 2006, 19. “Great golly Gothic.” Metro, February 15, 2006, 25. Hensher, Philip. “Forgotten fans of sex and death.” The Mail, February 19, 2006, 75. Poë, Simon. “The Black Stuff.” New Statesman, February 6, 2006, 43, 44 (ill.). Wullschlager, Jackie. “Dawn of our violent dreams.” Financial Times, February 17, 2006, 11. Dillon, Brian. “Tomb Raiders: Gothic Nightmares.” Modern Painters: The International Contemporary Arts Magazine (February 2006): pp. 64-65 (ill.). “Guilty Pleasures.” The Independent, April 7, 2006. [unknown page] “Art of Darkness.” The Independent, February 26, 2006. [incomplete citation] Graham Dixon, Andrew. “Gothic Nightmares.” The Telegraph, February 19, 2006, p. 32-33. Dillon, Brian. "Tomb Raiders." Modern Painters (February 2006): 60–65, p. 60 (ill.). Bindman, David. “Fuseli: Zürich and London.” The Burlington Magazine 148, no. 1238 (May 2006): 364-365, pp. 364-365, fig. 60 (ill.). Gargaro, Eugene A. Jr., Graham W. J. Beal and Alfred Taubman. “The Year in Review.” Bulletin of the Detroit Institute of Arts 80, no. ¾ (2006): 4-9, p. 6. Myrone, Martin. “Henri Fuseli and Gothic Sculpture.” Huntington Library Quarterly 70, no. 2 (June 2007): 289-310, pp. 289, 309. Pressly, William L. The Artist as Original Genius: Shakespeare’s ‘fine Frenzy’ in Late-Eighteenth Century British Art. Newark, 2007, pp. 95, 109, 219. Farthing, Stephen. 1001 Paintings You Must See Before You Die. 2007, New York, p. 330 (ill.). Stone, Kerrianne. "The incubus in the collections." University of Melbourne Collections, issue 3 (December 2008): pp. 42–47 (ill.). Lubbock, Tom. “The Art of Love: Henry Fuseli.” The Independent, (September 20, 2008): https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/love-sex/fantasies-fetishes/the-art-of-love-henry-fuseli-936019.html. Accessed on: November 20, 2019. Lister, Katie. “Femmes Fatales and Fatal Females.” In The Survival of Myth: Innovation, Singularity, and Altereality, ed. David Kennedy and Paul Hardwick, Cambridge, 2010, p. 171. Avery-Quash, Susanna. “The Travel Notebooks of Sir Charles Eastlake: Volume II.” The Volume of the Walpole Society 73 (2011): 153-197, p. 154. Palmer, Allison Lee. Historical Dictionary of Neoclassical Art and Architecture. Lanham, 2011, p. 15. Adler, Shelly. Sleep Paralysis: Night-mares, Nocebos, and the Mind-body. New Brunswick, 2011, pp. 55-56, 140, note 12, 14. Lubbock, Tom. Great Works: The Isle of the Dead (1880), Arnold Bocklin.” The Independent (January 15, 2011): https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/great-works/great-works-the-isle-of-the-dead-1880-arnold-b-cklin-1867905.html. Accessed on: November 21, 2019. Bromwich, David. “Fantastic, Deadpan and Deadly.” The New York Review of Books, April 26, 2012, p. 39. Latimer, Quinn. “Private Views: Literature versus art History.” Frieze, no. 156 (June July August 2013): pp. 25-26 (ill.). Kryger, Meir, Alon Avidan and Richard Berry eds. Atlas of Clinical Sleep Medicine, second edition. 2013, pp. 6-7, fig. 1-16 (ill.). Petherbridge, Deanna. Witches and Wicked Bodies. Exh. cat. National Galleries of Scotland, Edinburgh, 2013, p. 18. [not in exhibition] Kleiner, Fred. Gardner’s Art Through the Ages: A Global History, 14th edition, vol. 2. Boston, 2013, p. 762, fig. 27-8 (ill.). [ see also 13th ed. vol. 2, pp. 784-785, fig. 30-9] Döpp, Hans-Jürgen, Joe A. Thomas, Victoria Charles. 1000 Erotic Works of Genius. New York: 2014, pp. 204-205, no. 350 (ill.). Pop, Andrei. Antiquity, Theatre, and the Painting of Henry Fuseli. Oxford, 2015, pp. xiii, 85-90, 92-93, 99-100, 102, 104-105, 107, 112-113, 116-118, 121-126, 128-129, 131, pl. 6 (ill.) Döpp, Hans-Jürgen, Joe A. Thomas, Victoria Charles. 30 Millenia of Erotic Art. New York, 2016, p. 532, no. 531. (ill.). Kryger, Meir H. The Mystery of Sleep: Why a Good Night’s Rest is Vital to a Better, Healthier Life. New Haven, 2017, reproduced in ch. 13. Ekirch, Roger. “Sleep in Western Culture: A Historical Perspective.” In Sleep, Health, and Society: From Aetiology to Public Health, ed. Cappuccio, Francesco P. et al., Oxford, 2018, p. 168, (ill.). Honour, Hugh. Romanticism. New York, 2018, pp. 1844-1845, note 56. [re-print of 1979 edition] Solomonova, Elizaveta. “Sleep Paralysis: Phenomenology, Neurophysiology, and Treatment.” In The Oxford Handbook of Spontaneous Thought: Mind-Wandering, Creativity, and Dreaming, ed. Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. New York, 2018, pp. 442, fig. 31.2 (ill.). Mathias, Manon and Alison Moore. Gut Feeling and Digestive health in Nineteenth-century Literature, History and Culture. Cham, 2018, p. 123. Sommerlad, Joe. “World Goth Day: An Anatomy of Melancholy from Goya and Edgar Allan Poe to Bauhaus and Tim Burton.” The Independent (May 22, 2019): https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/world-goth-day-2019-gothic-history-edgar-allan-poe-dracula-punks-bauhaus-siouxsie-cure-tim-burton-a8923701.html. Accessed on: November 21, 2019. Skic, Matthew. Cost of Revollution: The Life and Death of an Irish Soldier. Philadelphia, 2019, p.23, p. 25 (ill.) (fig. 18). Salort-Pons, Salvador. "Un Demonio en mi Jardin." Ars Magazine: Revista De Arte Y Coleccionismo 16, no. 60. (October-December 2023) p. 66-72.

Henry Fuseli, The Nightmare, 1781, oil on canvas. Detroit Institute of Arts, Founders Society Purchase with funds from Mr. and Mrs. Bert L. Smokler and Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence A. Fleischman, 55.5.A.